1
Children Act 1989
You and your ex are equally valuable parents.
Your ex could even become the main carer. Parenting history doesn’t matter.
HMICA 20051
If you turn to the courts for help, there’s a good chance
Cafcass will be unsympathetic, and pressurise you to agree contact.
Ministry of Justice, Sept 20082
Even if you have serious concerns about your ex’s violence, contact is likely to be granted.
Children and Adoption Act, Dec 2008
If you do not support contact you may be ordered to attend parenting classes.
Your ex won’t have to.
You might also have to pay his costs. Financial abuse by ex partner not relevant.
The injustice never ends.
The abuse never ends.
It’s the law.
Supporting mothers before, during and after parental separation and divorce
supporting mothers before, during and after parental separation and divorce
Response to Government Consultation paper
Together we can end violence against women and girls
30th
April 2009
Maypole is a new organisation supporting women involved in separation and divorce.
We therefore focus on domestic violence in the context of women separating from the fathers of
their children, and their experiences of parenting after separation.
large section of evidence based information about domestic violence and separation3.
The accompanying poster is a hypothetical one, alerting mothers to the fact that separating from
their partner may not end the abuse. The Children Act 1989, and its interpretation and
implementation, play a significant role in the opportunity for abusive fathers to continue to abuse
their children and ex partners after separation (see below). There are therefore no easy choices
for women wanting to leave an abusive relationship.
For further information please contact: ask@maypole.org.uk
Separation and domestic violence
There is a strong link between separation, domestic violence and the long term safety of mothers
and their children, because:
•
domestic abuse is a major cause of relationship breakdown
•
separation is recognised as one of the main trigger points for abuse
•
domestic abuse can continue, and even increase, after separation
•
the most common ways abusive men continue to abuse their ex partners is by child
contact and money
•
abuse can damage the mother child relationship
•
abuse can disadvantage women in residency and contact disputes
How common is domestic abuse in separating couples?
A number of research studies have found that domestic violence is a major factor in relationship
breakdown 4. A Government report showed that allegations of domestic violence occurred in as
many as 90% of separating couples who turn to the family courts to resolve disputes about
residency and contact5.
This figure must be considered with other research that shows that:
•
women are more likely to experience domestic violence than men, and their experiences
6
involve more serious incidents of abuse
•
women are more likely to under report domestic violence than they are to make false
allegations7
8
•
a common abusive tactic is for the abuser to accuse the victim of abuse
There are therefore indications that the majority of cases in family court procedures involve
families in which there is a history of domestic violence against the mother.
The risk of domestic abuse increases at the time of separation. It can be particularly difficult for a
woman to escape an abusive relationship if she is required to encourage contact between her
children and an abusive ex partner.
Why is domestic abuse common at separation?
Domestic abuse is defined as the misuse of power and control, usually by a man over his female
partner. Abusive men are often possessive and retaliatory in nature.
The end of an abusive relationship, especially if it is initiated by the woman, signifies the loss of
the man’s ability to control his partner. An increase in abusive tactics is therefore an attempt by
some men to punish their partner, and to reinstate ownership and control over her.
Abusive fathers after separation
As a relationship ends, child contact can become the only means left to an abusive father to
control his ex partner, and continue the abuse. Research has shown that, for many men who have
a history of abuse towards the mother, caring for the child is not the main motivation in the pursuit
of contact9.
Research has also shown that continuing violence towards the mother increases the risk that
children will be abused during contact visits10 .
The tendency of abusive fathers to put their own needs before their children’s means that some
will insist on contact even when they know their children are frightened of them11 .
Abusive fathers are more likely than non abusive fathers to apply for residency of their children 12 .
As well as enabling them to continue the abuse, a desire for residency or contact can be motivated
by:
•
financial gain, eg to obtain a greater share of joint equity or avoid child support
•
the abuser’s distorted perception of his ex partner’s and his own parenting skills
In considering residency and contact claims, the following should be of significant weight in
considering the best interests of mother and child:
•
the father’s history of caring skills and commitment
•
allegations of abuse by the mother
•
the father’s reasons for wanting to change his level of involvement
Residency and contact should be dependent on responsible parenting. Because children’s safety
lies with their non-abusive parent, responsible parenting must include genuine respect for the
mother, her parenting role, and the mother child relationship.
How abusive fathers use their children to continue abuse after separation
Common tactics13 include:
•
shaping the child(ren)’s view of their mother
•
lack of boundaries (including lack of routine, supervision, safety and care)
•
being competitive with the mother
•
forcing the child to withdraw, reject, harass or abuse their mother
•
financial control, eg
o
withholding joint money or child support
o
bartering child contact with financial assets or child support
•
threatening to apply, or applying, for increased contact or residency
These behaviours, when occurring as a pattern of undermining and controlling behaviour, can
create severe psychological distress for mother and child(ren), undermine a mother’s ability to
parent to her best capacity, and weaken the child(ren)’s relationship with the parent who is most
able to meet their needs14. The stresses on women sharing care with emotionally abusive and
controlling ex partners can be debilitating, yet these difficulties, and the effects on children, are
largely invisible to professionals and policy makers.
Research is urgently needed on the realities for women of living with continuing emotional abuse
after separation.
Are abusive fathers granted residency or contact?
Yes15. Courts act on a presumption of contact, assuming that contact with both parents is almost
always beneficial to the child, even when there is a history of abuse. A detailed study of contact
applications filed in 2004 found in 60% of cases where the resident parent opposed contact,
because of ‘serious welfare issues’ (the greatest proportion of which involved allegations of
domestic violence and child abuse), staying or unsupervised contact was granted 16 .
Domestic abuse can have far reaching, negative effects on mothering and family dynamics, and
these, combined with the use of abusive tactics17 in court, and a family court system which is
inadequately trained in understanding abuse18, means that abusive fathers can gain advantages in
19
court .
Providing an opportunity for abusive men to claim residency and contact through law is
inappropriate, endangering women and children, and is a poor use of resources.
Mismatch between legal ideology and reality of parenting roles
The Children Act 1989, on which UK family law is based, assumes that parents are equal.
However, equal parenting before separation is rare – so rare, in fact, it can be seen as an
ideological myth, rather than a reality (Eichler, 1988, writing at the time when the Children Act
1989 was formulated, noted no research studies had found couples who shared ‘truly symmetrical’
child care responsibilities20.)
Research has consistently shown that in the majority of families, it is the mother who holds the
main responsibility for the children, even when she is also employed outside the home21. Mothers
are almost always the primary care giver – a role usually negotiated and agreed by the parents
when living together.
Most couples who manage, at separation, to agree child care arrangements without the
involvement of the courts, do so by replicating previous gender roles, in which the mother
continues to take greatest responsibility for the children22 A continuation of parental roles
established when the relationship was intact therefore avoids conflict, and provides children with
stability and continuity of care.
Boyd (2003) points out that ‘genuine shared parenting after separation or divorce requires certain
conditions, which are difficult to meet, before it can succeed’. The most important factors are good
communication and ‘parents (who) have a history of shared parenting responsibilities before they
split up’23 .
The failure to consider past parenting history, and expectations of shared care which are
inconsistent with that parenting history, means abusive behaviour often becomes invisible in the
family courts, putting women and children at risk.
The disempowerment of women in family law
Women are almost always the primary carer of their children The identity of women who have
children is deeply entwined with that of mother, and they gain a deep sense of satisfaction and
well being from their mothering role24 .
At separation fathers are able to retain their ‘status as a citizen in paid employment’ 25while the
Children Act 1989 creates a situation in which the role of the mother, as primary care giver, is
something that is ‘up for grabs’, something that can be competed for, and fought over.
The fact that a father who has not been the primary care giver, can take that role from a mother
after separation, either by applying for residency through the courts, or encouraging a child to live
with him, presents a threat to women’s identities and main role in life26 .
Current family law, which assumes a gender neutral approach, ignores the fact that women as
primary care givers are usually the psychological parent to children, and an enforced change in
residency is ‘unfair to the mother and potentially harmful to the child’27 .
Anecdotally, many women live with the fear of losing their children to their ex partners, and their
role as primary care giver, for years after separation. Fear is a major factor in abuse against
28
women .
To take the role of primary care giver from a woman, without her consent, and without providing
emotional support or an alternative identity, is a deeply traumatic experience29 .
When shared care occurs, mothers usually continuing to have greatest responsibility for child care,
but with an obligation to consult with her ex partner on certain matters, at least some of which he
may have previously been happy to delegate to her.
The Children Act 1989 therefore creates a situation which increases men’s power over women.
Domestic abuse is defined as the ‘misuse of power and control’. Research and government
statistics suggest that fathers with a history of abuse often turn to the family courts to assert this
power. In fact, fathers with a history of abuse could be the largest group of service users
accessing the family court system.
The family court system becomes, for many women, a continuation of the abuse they have
experienced in their relationship. The law does not allow women and their children to escape
domestic violence.
Listening to mothers
Emotional abuse is frequently reported as both the most common type of abuse, and the most
damaging. Yet emotional abuse leaves no trace, and is easily ignored by professionals. Domestic
violence can never be properly addressed until emotional abuse is understood and managed.
Women’s accounts are the evidence. Women are the experts, and professionals must respect,
and learn from, women.
Courts frequently make orders supporting contact between the father and child which disregard
mothers’ concerns about their own, and their children’s, safety. In a review of over 300 cases in
2008, in which contact was sought (mostly by non resident fathers), serious welfare issues were
raised by the resident parent (mainly mothers) in 63% of all cases, yet direct contact was only
refused in 21% of cases30 .
‘American research has shown that women tend to report what has occurred accurately, with
accounts that remain consistent over time and in response to interrelated interview questions,
together with evidence from hospital and arrest records to substantiate their stories’31 .
Listening to women ‘is also important because women are the only ones who can say whether
they are still living in fear, even if the actual violence has stopped’32 .
A woman’s estimate of the level of risk has been shown to be the ‘single strongest predictor of
future violence by a batterer33 .
Studies confirm that women report adversely affects on their children when contact with an
34
abusive father is enforced.
Court decisions granting contact between a father and child, where there is a history of poor
parental responsibility or care, builds up paternal expectations, while expecting mothers to act in
ways which, in their view, are contrary to the child’s best interests. The resulting conflict, danger
and distress is a consequence of working against, rather than with, conventional maternal roles
and social norms, in which mothers are almost always the primary care giver and psychological
parent to the child.
Contact decisions are much more likely to be supported by mothers if their concerns are listened
to, respected, and incorporated into a contact plan which manages, rather than ignores, welfare
issues.
Understanding the link between abuse to the mother and risk to the children
In a detailed study of child protection work, Farmer and Owen (1995) found ‘the children with the
worst outcomes were especially likely to have mothers who were being abused by their male
partners, although the domestic violence tended to be ignored by the professionals involved’35 .
Bancroft and Silverman (2002), and others, express concern that some court evaluators do not
appreciate the risk of murder of children by an abusive father. ‘Where children have been killed,
the significance of violence to the mothers as an indicator of potential risk to the children has
tended not to be understood or acknowledged36 .
Financial disempowerment
At separation, a father, through paid employment, has ‘access to resources and benefits which go
with this status’ while the mother is ‘unlikely to have a well paid, secure job; indeed, she may not
be in the labour market at all … she cannot hope to become a self sufficient, independent citizen
for several years … she remains extremely economically vulnerable37’.
Women who have experienced domestic violence are most vulnerable, as they may have been
prevented from working, or gaining financial independence. Financial abuse may have occurred
during the relationship, and at separation. Residency and contact claims can be a form of financial
abuse, removing from the mother, who is already in a weak financial position, access to child
related state benefits.
Mothers need to retain access to child related state benefits. The current system of measuring
primary care by the number of nights a child spends with each parent leaves women open to
financial abuse by ex partners.
When fathers gain residency at separation, the courts’ concentration on providing a home for the
child means financial abuse by the father is often ignored. Financial abuse should be considered
as illegal as rape within marriage, and should be of primary concern to the courts.
Mothers also need, and deserve, support in re-establishing themselves in paid employment at a
level commensurate with their abilities, training and experience.
Lack of equity in assessing and supporting parental skills
A very common complaint is that mothers and fathers’ parenting skills are assessed to different
standards. Professionals can be ‘very optimistic about men’s parenting skills, while scrutinizing
women’s parenting in much greater detail’38. These double standards and lax attitude to fathers’
parenting skills victimise women and endanger children; fathers need to be able to provide
evidence of consistent, sustained, responsible parenting before contact is granted.
Even when men are abusive, professionals tend to focus on the need for the woman to change39 .
‘Women’s efforts to manage violent men and their difficulty in escaping violence must be
understood in the wider context of a moral climate that places responbsibility for family problems
on women’40 .
Using force to change parenting roles
Successful shared parenting relies on trust, respect and constructive communication between
parents. A mutual dedication to the concept of shared parenting is essential. Parents who cannot
agree – and find themselves in court -are the very parents for whom the philosophy of shared
parenting has already failed. An enforced order ignores the necessity for an internal belief in the
benefits of shared care, and voluntary co-operation. Enforced orders are therefore likely to cause
distress, and even trauma, both to the primary care giver and her children. In many cases,
enforced co-parenting will be a contradictory and meaninglessness concept, as the causes of
resistance are not addressed.
Punitive approaches, particularly in the context of limited resources and research, put many
women, and their children, at risk. Intervention which is ‘unwilling to understand (women’s) needs
see them only as mothers, partners or recipients who have failed to take responsibility’ puts
women ‘in danger of being re-victimised’41 .
Recent provisions for enforcing contact (Children Act, Dec 2008) is an example of an approach
that pays no attention to the needs of mothers. For a detailed explanation of the challenges facing
mothers do not support contact.
Psychological needs of mothers ignored
‘Studies have repeatedly revealed social workers’ tendency to focus narrowly on the children, to
the detriment of women’s safety and sometimes of children’s safety, because the danger to
children from a man who abuses his partner is not recognised42’.
The Children Act 1989 ignores the psychological needs of all mothers. A mother is expected to
‘give up her ‘special’ relationship (for the sake of the children) and hence her status as primary
carer. But she must also amend her status as a dependent, earn enough money to support herself
and (in part) the children, accrue benefits against the exigencies of illness and old age, and
become autonomous and self sufficient … In this process she is unlikely to have much support
from The Children Act, the legal profession or the mediation services, none of whom give priority
to, or even much consideration to, the needs of mothers’43 .
The emphasis on the welfare of the child, and contact with fathers, profoundly devalues mothering:
‘It is extremely hard for women to be mothers and (paid) workers … if mothers give up these rights
in order to meet the welfare of their children, it seems a hard lesson to insist that this was an
irrelevant sacrifice at the point when they divorce, especially as the routes back into (the benefits
of paid employment) are so limited. The active pursuit – by family law-of equal, joint parenting
after divorce combined with welfare and employment policies which make equal joint parenting
during marriage virtually impossible for the majority, gives rise to a form of disenfranchisement of
motherhood’44 .
Contact and residency arrangements need to reflect parenting roles adopted before separation.
Women’s attempts to protect their status as primary care taker, in the absence of legal protection,
can hinder mothers from facilitating contact45. The current system ignores women’s special
contribution to child care and subsequent psychological and financial vulnerability.
Women who have experienced abuse and have children are likely to lose the most at separation.
They can, and do, lose their mental health, self worth, career and home. Women can also lose
their children to abusive men, and with them their main identity and role in life.
Government statistics suggest that approximately 700,000 children in the UK were living with a
lone father, or father and step mother, in 2006. HM Revenue and Customs recorded 7,529,00
families claiming child benefit in August 2007, and calculated that approximately 7% of claimants
were male. This equates to 527,079 fathers recorded as the main carer of their child(ren).
It is difficult to estimate how many mothers this involves, as a mother may live with one or more of
her children whilst one or more live apart from her, and these figures include widowed fathers. It is
also impossible to estimate how many mothers have chosen to be apart from their children
voluntarily. Narratives from mothers who have lost contact with their children at or after separation
include vocabulary that indicates they have all have experienced domestic violence46. The belief
that their ex partners were actually ‘aided and abetted’ by Cafcass, ie Cafcass failed to identify
abuse and actually supported the father’s claim, is a common theme47 .
It is not known how many women are affected, but a conservative estimate puts the number in the
high hundreds, and possibly thousands48. This is consistent with Child Benefit statistics, above. It
is also consistent with the HMICA report (2005) which found that ‘the nature of domestic abuse is
not sufficiently understood by most CAFCASS practitioners. Routine ways of working do not
assess risk and some are dangerous’49 .
This could mean that thousands of children have lost contact with their primary care giver, and
now live in the sole care of an abusive father.
Isolation of victims is a common abusive tactic. Mothers who have lost contact with their children
suffer the worst type of isolation, and live with on-going bereavement. Because women usually
have an especially close psychological connection with their children, their trauma is particularly
acute. Their children are also isolated from the parent who is most able to meet their needs.
Maypole calls for a review of all cases where Cafcass have failed to identify domestic violence and
protect women and children, as evidenced by the HMICA report 2005.
Understanding of how domestic violence presents, and the effects on family dynamics, must be
urgently improved, to protect women and children.
Meeting the needs of children
The needs of mothers, fathers, and their children, are diverse, and can be contradictory. The rights
of fathers, and the benefit of paternal care, has dominated recent discourse in finding solutions to
family breakdown.
McBean (1987),writing just before the introduction of The Children Act (1989), notes that ‘fathers
have rarely been the prime caretakers of the children, and therefore rarely the main psychological
parents of children. The disruption of the bond between the psychological parent and child should
50
be avoided in the best interests of the child’.
Continuing contact with both parents is only one of several factors which contribute to good
outcomes for children. Many researchers believe the well being of a child’s primary care giver is
inseparable from the needs of the child51 .
There is growing awareness that the rights of some parents to have contact with their children
have been prioritised before safety 52 .
Mothers’ concerns are often not taken seriously by the courts53. Either women are not being
believed, or the risk of harm to the mother and her child(ren) is not fully understood. Research
suggests both are true 54 .
This is in contrast to a belief that mothers are the best predictor of their partner, or ex partner’s,
capacity for further abuse 55 .
Women’s resources to seek protection
‘Women fleeing abuse are frequently on very low incomes, since, whatever their socio-economic
status before the violence, they commonly leave with nothing’56. Yet the majority of women leaving
abusive relationships will not qualify for legal aid. Some mothers have spent tens of thousands of
pounds seeking protection from abusive partners in the family courts57. This has serious
implications for their ability to recover from the abuse, and provide an adequate standard of living
for their children. Women should not have to fund their own protection from abuse. The situation is
particularly dire as women invariably fail to gain the protection through the courts they feel they
need.
How children’s coping strategies to abuse can cause them to reject their mother
Cafcass can place great emphasis on the preferences of older children. However, children’s
strategies in coping with abuse can sometimes cause them to distance themselves emotionally
from their mother, and form an apparent closer bond with the abusive parent.
Until this phenomenon is understood, and incorporated into practice, court evaluators will fail to
make accurate assessments of children’s needs.
Coping strategies include ‘siding with their father, including sometimes joining in with the abuse of
58 59
the mother’and expressing anger and aggression towards her.
Children can find to very difficult to identify and express their own needs: ‘the batterer’s tendency
to be retaliatory has important implications for children who disclose abuse to outsiders’60 .
The effects of domestic abuse on family relationships is highly complex. Accurate evaluations
cannot be made until the level of training and monitoring is significantly improved. For more
information on how domestic violence can damage the mother child relationship see
relationship.
Mothers’ recovery from abuse
The parenting skills of mothers who have been abused often improve significantly after
61 62
separationif they are able to escape the abuser’s ‘chronic undermining’and recover from
abuse induced trauma. Shared care with an abusive ex partner does not allow women to recover
from abuse. This also has implications for their children.
Improved training
Domestic violence, and how it affects family dynamics, is highly complex. Training is utterly
inadequate – many professionals working with families receive training which briefly summarises
the four types of domestic violence, and then concentrates on child abuse. The link from protecting
the mother to safeguarding is often absent.
With this level of training, failure to identify abuse, and errors in assessment, will happen
frequently. The detail of knowledge needed for professionals, including court evaluators, is found
in The Batterer as Parent, by Lundy Bancroft. The book is based on clinical experience working
with over 2000 abusive men and their partners, and comprehensive review of research. Although
American, the information is highly relevant to the UK, and accurately reflects many women’s
experiences in the UK family courts.
The detail provided by Bancroft includes an in depth account of:
•
characteristics of men who abuse
•
the abuser’s parenting style
•
the abuser’s impact on family relationships
•
motivations of abusive fathers in seeking residency and contact
•
tactics used by abusive men in court disputes
•
factors disadvantaging women in court disputes
•
factors which should be considered in assessing risk to children
•
how to identify permanent change in an abuser
•
recommendations to improve court evaluators’ practice
•
recommendations to therapists working with children exposed to domestic violence
This level of knowledge should be mandatory for all court evaluators, and expert witnesses.
Monitoring of Cafcass officers’ ability to implement training is also urgently needed.
Improved use of resources
The amount of time allocated to Cafcass officers to manage each case is totally inadequate when
abuse is alleged or suspected. Too few resources are spent on too many cases. Assessing abuse
in sufficient detail during family disputes in court is very time consuming.
The majority of mothers want their child(ren) to have a meaningful relationship with their father,
and actively promote contact63 but mothers need to trust their ex partner, and know their children
are safe.
By providing a family law system in which primary care giving is protected, and mothers are seen
as the experts on what contact is safe for their children, many cases can be dealt with more
efficiently, and indeed not come to the attention of the courts at all.
References
1 Domestic Violence, Safety and Family Proceedings, HMICA, 2005
2 Outcomes for applications to court for contact orders after parental separation and divorce, J
Hunt and A MacLeod, Oxford Centre for Family Law and Policy, Ministry of Justice, September
2008
3 References are kept to a minimum on the web site to ensure the information is user friendly to all
women. The same information, with greater details and full references, will be available in our
information leaflets, currently under development.
4 Walby 2004, Cockett and Tripp 1994, from Making an Impact, M Hester, C Pearson, N Harwin
and H Abrahams, 2000; Child Custody and Domestic Violence, P Jaffe, N Lemon and S Poisson,
2003, FLPAG, 2001
5 Domestic Violence Safety and Family Proceedings, HMICA, 2005.
6 Making an Impact, M Hester, C Pearson, N Harwin and H Abrahams, 2000, British Crime Survey,
Walby and Allen, 2004
7 Dominy and Radford 1996, from Mothering Through Domestic Violence, L Radford and M Hester
2006 Yearnshaw, 1997. A study of over 2000 divorce cases in the US found that less than 2%
involved false allegations of abuse’ (Thoennes and Tjaden 1991, from Mothering Through
Domestic Violence, L Radford and M Hester, 2006).
8 The Batterrer as Parent, Bancroft and Silverman, 2002
9 Radford and Hester, 2006, from Making an Impact, Children and Domestic Violence, M Hester, C
Pearson, N Harwin and H Abrahams, 2007.
10 Hester and Pearson, 1996, from Making an Impact, Children and Domestic Violence, M Hester,
C Pearson, N Harwin and H Abrahams, 2007.
11 Making an Impact, M Hester, C Pearson, N Harwin and H Abrahams, 2000.
12 Mcmahon and Pence 1995, Liss and Stahly 1993, from Bancroft and Silverman, 2002.
13 Mothering Through Domestic Violence, L Radford and M Hester 2006; Bancroft and Silverman
2002.
14 The Batterer as Parent, Bancroft and Silverman, 2002.
15 Outcomes of applications to court for contact orders after parental separation or divorce, J Hunt
and A MacLeod, Oxford Centre for Family Law and Policy, University of Oxford, 2008; The
Batterer as Parent, Bancroft and Silverman, 2002 (US accounts, but UK situations comparable);
personal conversations, anecdotal accounts and Portraits of Mothers Apart
16 Outcomes of applications to court for contact orders after parental separation or divorce, J Hunt
and A MacLeod, Oxford Centre for Family Law and Policy, University of Oxford, 2008.
17 Including manipulation, denial, and victim blaming.
18 Domestic Violence, Safety and Family Proceedings, HMICA, 2005.
19 The Batterer as Parent, Bancroft and Silverman, 2002.
20 Child Custody, Law, and Women’s Work, S Boyd, 2003
21 The New Family, Ed E B Silva and C Smart, 1999
22 Child Custody, Law, and Women’s Work, S Boyd, 2003
23 Child Custody, Law, and Women’s Work, S Boyd, 2003
24 The Cultural Contradictions of Motherhood, S Hays, 1996
25 The New Family, Ed E B Silva and C Smart, 1999
26 The New Family, Ed E B Silva and C Smart, 1999
27
McBean, quoted in Child Custody, Law, and Women’s Work, S Boyd, 2003
28 British Crime Survey, Walby and Allen, 2004
29 What are the experiences of women living apart from their children?, J Heathcote-Osborne,
2008
30 Outcomes of applications to court for contact orders after parental separation or divorce, J Hunt
and A Macleod, 2008
31 Gondolf 1998, from Is Anyone Listening? G Hague, A Mullender and R Aris, 2003
32 Is Anyone Listening? G Hague, A Mullender and R Aris, 2003
33 Weisz et al 2000, from Bancroft and Silverman, 2002
34 Making an Impact, M Hester, C Pearson, N Harwin and H Abrahams, 2000
35 Quoted from from Making an Impact, M Hester, C Pearson, N Harwin and H Abrahams, 2000
36 James 1994, O’Hara 1994, Saunders 2004, from Making an Impact, M Hester, C Pearson, N
Harwin and H Abrahams, 2000
37
The New Family, Ed E B Silva and C Smart, 1999
38 Hester and Radford 1996. Similar findings by Farmer and Owen 1995, Jaffe et al 2003
39 Making an Impact, M Hester, C Pearson, N Harwin and H Abrahams, 2000
40 Dobash et al 2000, quoted in Making an Impact, M Hester, C Pearson, N Harwin and H
Abrahams, 2000
41 Making an Impact, M Hester, C Pearson, N Harwin and H Abrahams, 2000
42 Is Anyone Listening? G Hague, A Mullender and R Aris, 2003
43 The New Family, Ed E B Silva and C Smart, 1999
44 The New Family, Ed E B Silva and C Smart, 1999
45 Children and their Families, Liz Trinder, 2003
46 Source approx 20 mothers; personal conversations, anecdotal accounts and Portraits of
47 Narratatives of mothers, as above.
48 Statistics from MATCH, supporting mothers apart from their children, who have a rolling
membership of approx 250, with many members saying they did not know of the organisation’s
existence. MATCH calculates that approximately 70% of their members have lost contact due to
Parental Alienation Syndrome. Narratives from many of these mothers indicate that their
experiences are in fact domestic violence, see ref 44
49 Domestic Violence, Safety and Family Proceedings, HMICA, 2005
50 Quoted in Child Custody, Law, and Women’s Work, S Boyd, 2003
51 The Batterer as Parent, Bancroft and Silverman, 2002
52 Domestic Violence, Safety and Family Proceedings, HMICA, 2005.
53 Outcomes of applications to court for contact orders after parental separation or divorce, J Hunt
and A MacLeod, Oxford Centre for Family Law and Policy, University of Oxford, 2008.
54 Domestic Violence, Safety and Family Proceedings, HMICA, 2005; Outcomes of applications to
court for contact orders after parental separation or divorce, J Hunt and A MacLeod, Oxford Centre
for Family Law and Policy, University of Oxford, 2008.
55 Cafcass Domestic Violence Toolkit, 2007.
56 Is Anyone Listening? G Hague, A Mullender and R Aris, 2003
57 Personal accounts, Maypole
58 Hilton 1992, Mothering Through Domestic Violence, L Radford and M Hester, 2006
59 Abrahams 1994, Saunders et al 1995, from Mothering Through Domestic Violence, L Radford
and M Hester, 2006
60 The Batterer as Parent, Bancroft and Silverman, 2002
61 Schechter and Edleson 1998, Holden et al 1998, Mothering Through Domestic Violence, L
Radford and M Hester, 2006
62 The Batterer as Parent, Bancroft and Silverman, 2002
63 Perry 1992, Laing 1999, from Child Custody, Law, and Women’s Work, S Boyd, 2003
1 Children Act 1989 You and your ex are equally valuable parents. Your ex could even become the main carer. Parenting history doesn’t matter. HMICA 20051 If you turn to the courts for help, there’s a good chance Cafcass will be unsympathetic, and pressurise you to agree contact. Ministry of Justice, Sept 20082 Even if you have serious concerns about your ex’s violence, contact is likely to be granted. Children and Adoption Act, Dec 2008 If you do not support contact you may be ordered to attend parenting classes. Your ex won’t have to. You might also have to pay his costs. Financial abuse by ex partner not relevant. The injustice never ends. The abuse never ends. It’s the law. © Maypole 2009 http://www.maypole.org.uk Supporting mothers before, during and after parental separation and divorce supporting mothers before, during and after parental separation and divorce
http://www.maypole.org.uk
Response to Government Consultation paper Together we can end violence against women and girls 30th
April 2009
Maypole is a new organisation supporting women involved in separation and divorce.
We therefore focus on domestic violence in the context of women separating from the fathers of their children, and their experiences of parenting after separation.
The new Maypole web site http://www.maypole.org.uk will be launched May 2009. The site includes a large section of evidence based information about domestic violence and separation3.
The accompanying poster is a hypothetical one, alerting mothers to the fact that separating from their partner may not end the abuse. The Children Act 1989, and its interpretation and implementation, play a significant role in the opportunity for abusive fathers to continue to abuse their children and ex partners after separation (see below). There are therefore no easy choices for women wanting to leave an abusive relationship.
For further information please contact: ask@maypole.org.uk
Separation and domestic violence
There is a strong link between separation, domestic violence and the long term safety of mothers and their children, because:
• domestic abuse is a major cause of relationship breakdown • separation is recognised as one of the main trigger points for abuse • domestic abuse can continue, and even increase, after separation • the most common ways abusive men continue to abuse their ex partners is by child contact and money • abuse can damage the mother child relationship • abuse can disadvantage women in residency and contact disputes How common is domestic abuse in separating couples?
A number of research studies have found that domestic violence is a major factor in relationship breakdown 4. A Government report showed that allegations of domestic violence occurred in as many as 90% of separating couples who turn to the family courts to resolve disputes about residency and contact5.
This figure must be considered with other research that shows that:
• women are more likely to experience domestic violence than men, and their experiences 6
involve more serious incidents of abuse
• women are more likely to under report domestic violence than they are to make false allegations7 8
• a common abusive tactic is for the abuser to accuse the victim of abuse There are therefore indications that the majority of cases in family court procedures involve families in which there is a history of domestic violence against the mother.
The risk of domestic abuse increases at the time of separation. It can be particularly difficult for a woman to escape an abusive relationship if she is required to encourage contact between her children and an abusive ex partner.
Why is domestic abuse common at separation?
Domestic abuse is defined as the misuse of power and control, usually by a man over his female partner. Abusive men are often possessive and retaliatory in nature.
The end of an abusive relationship, especially if it is initiated by the woman, signifies the loss of the man’s ability to control his partner. An increase in abusive tactics is therefore an attempt by some men to punish their partner, and to reinstate ownership and control over her.
Abusive fathers after separation
As a relationship ends, child contact can become the only means left to an abusive father to control his ex partner, and continue the abuse. Research has shown that, for many men who have a history of abuse towards the mother, caring for the child is not the main motivation in the pursuit of contact9.
Research has also shown that continuing violence towards the mother increases the risk that children will be abused during contact visits10 .
The tendency of abusive fathers to put their own needs before their children’s means that some will insist on contact even when they know their children are frightened of them11 .
Abusive fathers are more likely than non abusive fathers to apply for residency of their children 12 . As well as enabling them to continue the abuse, a desire for residency or contact can be motivated by:
• financial gain, eg to obtain a greater share of joint equity or avoid child support • the abuser’s distorted perception of his ex partner’s and his own parenting skills In considering residency and contact claims, the following should be of significant weight in considering the best interests of mother and child:
• the father’s history of caring skills and commitment • allegations of abuse by the mother • the father’s reasons for wanting to change his level of involvement Residency and contact should be dependent on responsible parenting. Because children’s safety lies with their non-abusive parent, responsible parenting must include genuine respect for the mother, her parenting role, and the mother child relationship.
How abusive fathers use their children to continue abuse after separation
Common tactics13 include:
• shaping the child(ren)’s view of their mother • lack of boundaries (including lack of routine, supervision, safety and care) • being competitive with the mother • forcing the child to withdraw, reject, harass or abuse their mother • financial control, eg o withholding joint money or child support o bartering child contact with financial assets or child support • threatening to apply, or applying, for increased contact or residency These behaviours, when occurring as a pattern of undermining and controlling behaviour, can create severe psychological distress for mother and child(ren), undermine a mother’s ability to parent to her best capacity, and weaken the child(ren)’s relationship with the parent who is most
able to meet their needs14. The stresses on women sharing care with emotionally abusive and controlling ex partners can be debilitating, yet these difficulties, and the effects on children, are largely invisible to professionals and policy makers.
Research is urgently needed on the realities for women of living with continuing emotional abuse after separation.
Are abusive fathers granted residency or contact?
Yes15. Courts act on a presumption of contact, assuming that contact with both parents is almost always beneficial to the child, even when there is a history of abuse. A detailed study of contact applications filed in 2004 found in 60% of cases where the resident parent opposed contact, because of ‘serious welfare issues’ (the greatest proportion of which involved allegations of domestic violence and child abuse), staying or unsupervised contact was granted 16 .
Domestic abuse can have far reaching, negative effects on mothering and family dynamics, and these, combined with the use of abusive tactics17 in court, and a family court system which is inadequately trained in understanding abuse18, means that abusive fathers can gain advantages in
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court .
Providing an opportunity for abusive men to claim residency and contact through law is inappropriate, endangering women and children, and is a poor use of resources.
Mismatch between legal ideology and reality of parenting roles
The Children Act 1989, on which UK family law is based, assumes that parents are equal. However, equal parenting before separation is rare – so rare, in fact, it can be seen as an ideological myth, rather than a reality (Eichler, 1988, writing at the time when the Children Act 1989 was formulated, noted no research studies had found couples who shared ‘truly symmetrical’ child care responsibilities20.)
Research has consistently shown that in the majority of families, it is the mother who holds the main responsibility for the children, even when she is also employed outside the home21. Mothers are almost always the primary care giver – a role usually negotiated and agreed by the parents when living together.
Most couples who manage, at separation, to agree child care arrangements without the involvement of the courts, do so by replicating previous gender roles, in which the mother continues to take greatest responsibility for the children22 A continuation of parental roles established when the relationship was intact therefore avoids conflict, and provides children with stability and continuity of care.
Boyd (2003) points out that ‘genuine shared parenting after separation or divorce requires certain conditions, which are difficult to meet, before it can succeed’. The most important factors are good communication and ‘parents (who) have a history of shared parenting responsibilities before they split up’23 .
The failure to consider past parenting history, and expectations of shared care which are inconsistent with that parenting history, means abusive behaviour often becomes invisible in the family courts, putting women and children at risk.
The disempowerment of women in family law
Women are almost always the primary carer of their children The identity of women who have children is deeply entwined with that of mother, and they gain a deep sense of satisfaction and well being from their mothering role24 .
At separation fathers are able to retain their ‘status as a citizen in paid employment’ 25while the Children Act 1989 creates a situation in which the role of the mother, as primary care giver, is something that is ‘up for grabs’, something that can be competed for, and fought over.
The fact that a father who has not been the primary care giver, can take that role from a mother after separation, either by applying for residency through the courts, or encouraging a child to live with him, presents a threat to women’s identities and main role in life26 .
Current family law, which assumes a gender neutral approach, ignores the fact that women as primary care givers are usually the psychological parent to children, and an enforced change in residency is ‘unfair to the mother and potentially harmful to the child’27 .
Anecdotally, many women live with the fear of losing their children to their ex partners, and their role as primary care giver, for years after separation. Fear is a major factor in abuse against
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women .
To take the role of primary care giver from a woman, without her consent, and without providing emotional support or an alternative identity, is a deeply traumatic experience29 .
When shared care occurs, mothers usually continuing to have greatest responsibility for child care, but with an obligation to consult with her ex partner on certain matters, at least some of which he may have previously been happy to delegate to her.
The Children Act 1989 therefore creates a situation which increases men’s power over women. Domestic abuse is defined as the ‘misuse of power and control’. Research and government statistics suggest that fathers with a history of abuse often turn to the family courts to assert this power. In fact, fathers with a history of abuse could be the largest group of service users accessing the family court system.
The family court system becomes, for many women, a continuation of the abuse they have experienced in their relationship. The law does not allow women and their children to escape domestic violence.
Listening to mothers
Emotional abuse is frequently reported as both the most common type of abuse, and the most damaging. Yet emotional abuse leaves no trace, and is easily ignored by professionals. Domestic violence can never be properly addressed until emotional abuse is understood and managed. Women’s accounts are the evidence. Women are the experts, and professionals must respect, and learn from, women.
Courts frequently make orders supporting contact between the father and child which disregard mothers’ concerns about their own, and their children’s, safety. In a review of over 300 cases in 2008, in which contact was sought (mostly by non resident fathers), serious welfare issues were raised by the resident parent (mainly mothers) in 63% of all cases, yet direct contact was only refused in 21% of cases30 .
‘American research has shown that women tend to report what has occurred accurately, with accounts that remain consistent over time and in response to interrelated interview questions, together with evidence from hospital and arrest records to substantiate their stories’31 .
Listening to women ‘is also important because women are the only ones who can say whether they are still living in fear, even if the actual violence has stopped’32 .
A woman’s estimate of the level of risk has been shown to be the ‘single strongest predictor of future violence by a batterer33 .
Studies confirm that women report adversely affects on their children when contact with an
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abusive father is enforced.
Court decisions granting contact between a father and child, where there is a history of poor parental responsibility or care, builds up paternal expectations, while expecting mothers to act in ways which, in their view, are contrary to the child’s best interests. The resulting conflict, danger and distress is a consequence of working against, rather than with, conventional maternal roles
and social norms, in which mothers are almost always the primary care giver and psychological parent to the child.
Contact decisions are much more likely to be supported by mothers if their concerns are listened to, respected, and incorporated into a contact plan which manages, rather than ignores, welfare issues.
Understanding the link between abuse to the mother and risk to the children
In a detailed study of child protection work, Farmer and Owen (1995) found ‘the children with the worst outcomes were especially likely to have mothers who were being abused by their male partners, although the domestic violence tended to be ignored by the professionals involved’35 .
Bancroft and Silverman (2002), and others, express concern that some court evaluators do not appreciate the risk of murder of children by an abusive father. ‘Where children have been killed, the significance of violence to the mothers as an indicator of potential risk to the children has tended not to be understood or acknowledged36 .
Financial disempowerment
At separation, a father, through paid employment, has ‘access to resources and benefits which go with this status’ while the mother is ‘unlikely to have a well paid, secure job; indeed, she may not be in the labour market at all … she cannot hope to become a self sufficient, independent citizen for several years … she remains extremely economically vulnerable37’.
Women who have experienced domestic violence are most vulnerable, as they may have been prevented from working, or gaining financial independence. Financial abuse may have occurred during the relationship, and at separation. Residency and contact claims can be a form of financial abuse, removing from the mother, who is already in a weak financial position, access to child related state benefits.
Mothers need to retain access to child related state benefits. The current system of measuring primary care by the number of nights a child spends with each parent leaves women open to financial abuse by ex partners.
When fathers gain residency at separation, the courts’ concentration on providing a home for the child means financial abuse by the father is often ignored. Financial abuse should be considered as illegal as rape within marriage, and should be of primary concern to the courts.
Mothers also need, and deserve, support in re-establishing themselves in paid employment at a level commensurate with their abilities, training and experience.
Lack of equity in assessing and supporting parental skills
A very common complaint is that mothers and fathers’ parenting skills are assessed to different standards. Professionals can be ‘very optimistic about men’s parenting skills, while scrutinizing women’s parenting in much greater detail’38. These double standards and lax attitude to fathers’ parenting skills victimise women and endanger children; fathers need to be able to provide evidence of consistent, sustained, responsible parenting before contact is granted.
Even when men are abusive, professionals tend to focus on the need for the woman to change39 . ‘Women’s efforts to manage violent men and their difficulty in escaping violence must be understood in the wider context of a moral climate that places responbsibility for family problems on women’40 .
Using force to change parenting roles
Successful shared parenting relies on trust, respect and constructive communication between parents. A mutual dedication to the concept of shared parenting is essential. Parents who cannot agree – and find themselves in court -are the very parents for whom the philosophy of shared parenting has already failed. An enforced order ignores the necessity for an internal belief in the benefits of shared care, and voluntary co-operation. Enforced orders are therefore likely to cause distress, and even trauma, both to the primary care giver and her children. In many cases,
enforced co-parenting will be a contradictory and meaninglessness concept, as the causes of resistance are not addressed.
Punitive approaches, particularly in the context of limited resources and research, put many women, and their children, at risk. Intervention which is ‘unwilling to understand (women’s) needs see them only as mothers, partners or recipients who have failed to take responsibility’ puts women ‘in danger of being re-victimised’41 .
Recent provisions for enforcing contact (Children Act, Dec 2008) is an example of an approach that pays no attention to the needs of mothers. For a detailed explanation of the challenges facing women in promoting contact see http://www.maypole.org.uk/separation and divorce/ your children/ when mothers do not support contact.
Psychological needs of mothers ignored
‘Studies have repeatedly revealed social workers’ tendency to focus narrowly on the children, to the detriment of women’s safety and sometimes of children’s safety, because the danger to children from a man who abuses his partner is not recognised42’.
The Children Act 1989 ignores the psychological needs of all mothers. A mother is expected to ‘give up her ‘special’ relationship (for the sake of the children) and hence her status as primary carer. But she must also amend her status as a dependent, earn enough money to support herself and (in part) the children, accrue benefits against the exigencies of illness and old age, and become autonomous and self sufficient … In this process she is unlikely to have much support from The Children Act, the legal profession or the mediation services, none of whom give priority to, or even much consideration to, the needs of mothers’43 .
The emphasis on the welfare of the child, and contact with fathers, profoundly devalues mothering:
‘It is extremely hard for women to be mothers and (paid) workers … if mothers give up these rights in order to meet the welfare of their children, it seems a hard lesson to insist that this was an irrelevant sacrifice at the point when they divorce, especially as the routes back into (the benefits of paid employment) are so limited. The active pursuit – by family law-of equal, joint parenting after divorce combined with welfare and employment policies which make equal joint parenting during marriage virtually impossible for the majority, gives rise to a form of disenfranchisement of motherhood’44 .
Contact and residency arrangements need to reflect parenting roles adopted before separation. Women’s attempts to protect their status as primary care taker, in the absence of legal protection, can hinder mothers from facilitating contact45. The current system ignores women’s special contribution to child care and subsequent psychological and financial vulnerability.
Women who have experienced abuse and have children are likely to lose the most at separation. They can, and do, lose their mental health, self worth, career and home. Women can also lose their children to abusive men, and with them their main identity and role in life.
Government statistics suggest that approximately 700,000 children in the UK were living with a lone father, or father and step mother, in 2006. HM Revenue and Customs recorded 7,529,00 families claiming child benefit in August 2007, and calculated that approximately 7% of claimants were male. This equates to 527,079 fathers recorded as the main carer of their child(ren).
It is difficult to estimate how many mothers this involves, as a mother may live with one or more of her children whilst one or more live apart from her, and these figures include widowed fathers. It is also impossible to estimate how many mothers have chosen to be apart from their children voluntarily. Narratives from mothers who have lost contact with their children at or after separation include vocabulary that indicates they have all have experienced domestic violence46. The belief that their ex partners were actually ‘aided and abetted’ by Cafcass, ie Cafcass failed to identify abuse and actually supported the father’s claim, is a common theme47 .
It is not known how many women are affected, but a conservative estimate puts the number in the high hundreds, and possibly thousands48. This is consistent with Child Benefit statistics, above. It
is also consistent with the HMICA report (2005) which found that ‘the nature of domestic abuse is not sufficiently understood by most CAFCASS practitioners. Routine ways of working do not assess risk and some are dangerous’49 .
This could mean that thousands of children have lost contact with their primary care giver, and now live in the sole care of an abusive father.
Isolation of victims is a common abusive tactic. Mothers who have lost contact with their children suffer the worst type of isolation, and live with on-going bereavement. Because women usually have an especially close psychological connection with their children, their trauma is particularly acute. Their children are also isolated from the parent who is most able to meet their needs. Maypole calls for a review of all cases where Cafcass have failed to identify domestic violence and protect women and children, as evidenced by the HMICA report 2005.
Understanding of how domestic violence presents, and the effects on family dynamics, must be urgently improved, to protect women and children.
Meeting the needs of children
The needs of mothers, fathers, and their children, are diverse, and can be contradictory. The rights of fathers, and the benefit of paternal care, has dominated recent discourse in finding solutions to family breakdown.
McBean (1987),writing just before the introduction of The Children Act (1989), notes that ‘fathers have rarely been the prime caretakers of the children, and therefore rarely the main psychological parents of children. The disruption of the bond between the psychological parent and child should
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be avoided in the best interests of the child’.
Continuing contact with both parents is only one of several factors which contribute to good outcomes for children. Many researchers believe the well being of a child’s primary care giver is inseparable from the needs of the child51 .
There is growing awareness that the rights of some parents to have contact with their children have been prioritised before safety 52 .
Mothers’ concerns are often not taken seriously by the courts53. Either women are not being believed, or the risk of harm to the mother and her child(ren) is not fully understood. Research suggests both are true 54 .
This is in contrast to a belief that mothers are the best predictor of their partner, or ex partner’s, capacity for further abuse 55 .
Women’s resources to seek protection
‘Women fleeing abuse are frequently on very low incomes, since, whatever their socio-economic status before the violence, they commonly leave with nothing’56. Yet the majority of women leaving abusive relationships will not qualify for legal aid. Some mothers have spent tens of thousands of pounds seeking protection from abusive partners in the family courts57. This has serious implications for their ability to recover from the abuse, and provide an adequate standard of living for their children. Women should not have to fund their own protection from abuse. The situation is particularly dire as women invariably fail to gain the protection through the courts they feel they need.
How children’s coping strategies to abuse can cause them to reject their mother
Cafcass can place great emphasis on the preferences of older children. However, children’s strategies in coping with abuse can sometimes cause them to distance themselves emotionally from their mother, and form an apparent closer bond with the abusive parent.
Until this phenomenon is understood, and incorporated into practice, court evaluators will fail to make accurate assessments of children’s needs.
Coping strategies include ‘siding with their father, including sometimes joining in with the abuse of
58 59
the mother’and expressing anger and aggression towards her.
Children can find to very difficult to identify and express their own needs: ‘the batterer’s tendency to be retaliatory has important implications for children who disclose abuse to outsiders’60 .
The effects of domestic abuse on family relationships is highly complex. Accurate evaluations cannot be made until the level of training and monitoring is significantly improved. For more information on how domestic violence can damage the mother child relationship see www.maypole.org.uk/ separation ad divorce/ domestic violence/ damage to the mother child relationship.
Mothers’ recovery from abuse
The parenting skills of mothers who have been abused often improve significantly after
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separationif they are able to escape the abuser’s ‘chronic undermining’and recover from abuse induced trauma. Shared care with an abusive ex partner does not allow women to recover from abuse. This also has implications for their children.
Improved training
Domestic violence, and how it affects family dynamics, is highly complex. Training is utterly inadequate – many professionals working with families receive training which briefly summarises the four types of domestic violence, and then concentrates on child abuse. The link from protecting the mother to safeguarding is often absent.
With this level of training, failure to identify abuse, and errors in assessment, will happen frequently. The detail of knowledge needed for professionals, including court evaluators, is found in The Batterer as Parent, by Lundy Bancroft. The book is based on clinical experience working with over 2000 abusive men and their partners, and comprehensive review of research. Although American, the information is highly relevant to the UK, and accurately reflects many women’s experiences in the UK family courts.
The detail provided by Bancroft includes an in depth account of:
• characteristics of men who abuse • the abuser’s parenting style • the abuser’s impact on family relationships • motivations of abusive fathers in seeking residency and contact • tactics used by abusive men in court disputes • factors disadvantaging women in court disputes • factors which should be considered in assessing risk to children • how to identify permanent change in an abuser • recommendations to improve court evaluators’ practice • recommendations to therapists working with children exposed to domestic violence This level of knowledge should be mandatory for all court evaluators, and expert witnesses. Monitoring of Cafcass officers’ ability to implement training is also urgently needed.
Improved use of resources
The amount of time allocated to Cafcass officers to manage each case is totally inadequate when abuse is alleged or suspected. Too few resources are spent on too many cases. Assessing abuse in sufficient detail during family disputes in court is very time consuming.
The majority of mothers want their child(ren) to have a meaningful relationship with their father, and actively promote contact63 but mothers need to trust their ex partner, and know their children are safe.
By providing a family law system in which primary care giving is protected, and mothers are seen as the experts on what contact is safe for their children, many cases can be dealt with more efficiently, and indeed not come to the attention of the courts at all.
References
1 Domestic Violence, Safety and Family Proceedings, HMICA, 2005 2 Outcomes for applications to court for contact orders after parental separation and divorce, J Hunt and A MacLeod, Oxford Centre for Family Law and Policy, Ministry of Justice, September 2008 3 References are kept to a minimum on the web site to ensure the information is user friendly to all women. The same information, with greater details and full references, will be available in our information leaflets, currently under development. 4 Walby 2004, Cockett and Tripp 1994, from Making an Impact, M Hester, C Pearson, N Harwin and H Abrahams, 2000; Child Custody and Domestic Violence, P Jaffe, N Lemon and S Poisson, 2003, FLPAG, 2001 5 Domestic Violence Safety and Family Proceedings, HMICA, 2005. 6 Making an Impact, M Hester, C Pearson, N Harwin and H Abrahams, 2000, British Crime Survey, Walby and Allen, 2004 7 Dominy and Radford 1996, from Mothering Through Domestic Violence, L Radford and M Hester 2006 Yearnshaw, 1997. A study of over 2000 divorce cases in the US found that less than 2% involved false allegations of abuse’ (Thoennes and Tjaden 1991, from Mothering Through Domestic Violence, L Radford and M Hester, 2006). 8 The Batterrer as Parent, Bancroft and Silverman, 2002 9 Radford and Hester, 2006, from Making an Impact, Children and Domestic Violence, M Hester, C Pearson, N Harwin and H Abrahams, 2007. 10 Hester and Pearson, 1996, from Making an Impact, Children and Domestic Violence, M Hester, C Pearson, N Harwin and H Abrahams, 2007. 11 Making an Impact, M Hester, C Pearson, N Harwin and H Abrahams, 2000. 12 Mcmahon and Pence 1995, Liss and Stahly 1993, from Bancroft and Silverman, 2002. 13 Mothering Through Domestic Violence, L Radford and M Hester 2006; Bancroft and Silverman 2002. 14 The Batterer as Parent, Bancroft and Silverman, 2002. 15 Outcomes of applications to court for contact orders after parental separation or divorce, J Hunt and A MacLeod, Oxford Centre for Family Law and Policy, University of Oxford, 2008; The Batterer as Parent, Bancroft and Silverman, 2002 (US accounts, but UK situations comparable); personal conversations, anecdotal accounts and Portraits of Mothers Apart http://www.matchmothers.org/pages/gallery.php 16 Outcomes of applications to court for contact orders after parental separation or divorce, J Hunt and A MacLeod, Oxford Centre for Family Law and Policy, University of Oxford, 2008. 17 Including manipulation, denial, and victim blaming. 18 Domestic Violence, Safety and Family Proceedings, HMICA, 2005. 19 The Batterer as Parent, Bancroft and Silverman, 2002. 20 Child Custody, Law, and Women’s Work, S Boyd, 2003 21 The New Family, Ed E B Silva and C Smart, 1999 22 Child Custody, Law, and Women’s Work, S Boyd, 2003 23 Child Custody, Law, and Women’s Work, S Boyd, 2003 24 The Cultural Contradictions of Motherhood, S Hays, 1996 25 The New Family, Ed E B Silva and C Smart, 1999 26 The New Family, Ed E B Silva and C Smart, 1999
27
McBean, quoted in Child Custody, Law, and Women’s Work, S Boyd, 2003 28 British Crime Survey, Walby and Allen, 2004 29 What are the experiences of women living apart from their children?, J Heathcote-Osborne, 2008 30 Outcomes of applications to court for contact orders after parental separation or divorce, J Hunt and A Macleod, 2008 31 Gondolf 1998, from Is Anyone Listening? G Hague, A Mullender and R Aris, 2003 32 Is Anyone Listening? G Hague, A Mullender and R Aris, 2003 33 Weisz et al 2000, from Bancroft and Silverman, 2002 34 Making an Impact, M Hester, C Pearson, N Harwin and H Abrahams, 2000 35 Quoted from from Making an Impact, M Hester, C Pearson, N Harwin and H Abrahams, 2000
36 James 1994, O’Hara 1994, Saunders 2004, from Making an Impact, M Hester, C Pearson, N Harwin and H Abrahams, 2000
37
The New Family, Ed E B Silva and C Smart, 1999 38 Hester and Radford 1996. Similar findings by Farmer and Owen 1995, Jaffe et al 2003 39 Making an Impact, M Hester, C Pearson, N Harwin and H Abrahams, 2000 40 Dobash et al 2000, quoted in Making an Impact, M Hester, C Pearson, N Harwin and H Abrahams, 2000 41 Making an Impact, M Hester, C Pearson, N Harwin and H Abrahams, 2000 42 Is Anyone Listening? G Hague, A Mullender and R Aris, 2003 43 The New Family, Ed E B Silva and C Smart, 1999 44 The New Family, Ed E B Silva and C Smart, 1999 45 Children and their Families, Liz Trinder, 2003 46 Source approx 20 mothers; personal conversations, anecdotal accounts and Portraits of Mothers Apart http://www.matchmothers.org/pages/gallery.php 47 Narratatives of mothers, as above. 48 Statistics from MATCH, supporting mothers apart from their children, who have a rolling membership of approx 250, with many members saying they did not know of the organisation’s existence. MATCH calculates that approximately 70% of their members have lost contact due to Parental Alienation Syndrome. Narratives from many of these mothers indicate that their experiences are in fact domestic violence, see ref 44 49 Domestic Violence, Safety and Family Proceedings, HMICA, 2005 50 Quoted in Child Custody, Law, and Women’s Work, S Boyd, 2003 51 The Batterer as Parent, Bancroft and Silverman, 2002 52 Domestic Violence, Safety and Family Proceedings, HMICA, 2005. 53 Outcomes of applications to court for contact orders after parental separation or divorce, J Hunt and A MacLeod, Oxford Centre for Family Law and Policy, University of Oxford, 2008. 54 Domestic Violence, Safety and Family Proceedings, HMICA, 2005; Outcomes of applications to court for contact orders after parental separation or divorce, J Hunt and A MacLeod, Oxford Centre for Family Law and Policy, University of Oxford, 2008. 55 Cafcass Domestic Violence Toolkit, 2007. 56 Is Anyone Listening? G Hague, A Mullender and R Aris, 2003 57 Personal accounts, Maypole 58 Hilton 1992, Mothering Through Domestic Violence, L Radford and M Hester, 2006 59 Abrahams 1994, Saunders et al 1995, from Mothering Through Domestic Violence, L Radford and M Hester, 2006 60 The Batterer as Parent, Bancroft and Silverman, 2002 61 Schechter and Edleson 1998, Holden et al 1998, Mothering Through Domestic Violence, L Radford and M Hester, 2006 62 The Batterer as Parent, Bancroft and Silverman, 2002 63 Perry 1992, Laing 1999, from Child Custody, Law, and Women’s Work, S Boyd, 2003
© Maypole 2009 http://www.maypole.org.uk
This post has 25 Replies | 7 Followers
Andy_Pandy:
ENLARGE
John Bowlby was a psychoanalyst (like 
Birmingham Post, 12 March 2002
Staffordshire Social Services 
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If not can I suggest that whomever is representing Ms Haigh do so at once?
On the face of the complaint made Ms Haigh appears to have been the victim of perjury, harassment, wrongful arrest and false imprisonment. As well as police misconduct, and incompetence/dishonesty of social workers.
BTW: it is a criminal offence for someone to claim to be a solicitor when they are not.
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Their behaviour has been building up to this for over 20 years.
Their need to have absolute control over others suggest the people who enter these professions have some sort of psychological disorders and quite frankly it is they who should be locked up.
They do it, because they can get away with it. Politicians have sat on the fence for a good 10 years, time for this appalling institutional abuse to be stopped.
I hope John Hemming MP names them (not his constituent) and discloses their behaviour in Parliament. Then it is captured in Hansard. What are they going to do try and get him arrested for doing his job?
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2a letter “agreed by all the parties” was sent to him by the woman’s solicitors, requesting him not to make any reference to her case in Parliament.”
Brilliant genius well no, an abuse of his position.
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What statute states a constituent cannot talk to their MP if they are involved in a civil Court case?
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You really are an idiot, aren’t you? I elect my MP to look after my interests and that is precisely what Hemmings was doing – what he was elected for.
Go and read the link IJ left earlier and tell me that the events and shady doings by the police in that are acceptable practice.
If our MPs are going to be gagged, and that includes the Family Courts, then that is the rest of our democracy out of the window. People like you need to be held accountable.
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That’s odd, an constituent can’t talk to her MP about it. A journalist cannot mention it.
But you can and in a newspaper!
I think you have just blown your purported right to secrecy.
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Could such a person be the one being persecuted by the “SS” ? Well if it’s not her she can sue me,but I reckon the police did not know who they were mistreating when they dragged her out of her hospital bed after midnight so they could sling this 7 month pregnant lady into a dirty uncomfortable cell” !Maybe they were hoping to provoke a premature birth so that the “SS” could confiscate her baby?
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Nevertheless…if the story is accurate, there has to be a high-level inquiry into the way the police, the courts and the social care heirarchy are subverting the role of democracy.
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This is surely a shocking stae of affairs tha all parents should be wary of.
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I see no reason why any person, be they solicitor, barrister or Judge, who is involved in attempts to restrict the right of citizens to have access to their MP ought not be imprisoned in the Tower of the House of Commons for contempt of Parliament, without limit of time.
If that were to happen, and Her Majesty had no judges left, we might find a solution to this problem.
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I was sent this link anonymously and I wonder if it refers to the events in Christopher’s column…….
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It is well known that Doncaster isn’t a place to bring up children, the SS mafia there are renowned for their cruelty and incompetence.
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That’s the way the police do things under a Socialist regime.
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What should happen is that he summons the judge and any other party to the Bar of the House, and reminds them that it is the duty of an MP to make representations to the Executive on behalf of their constituent, and anyone who interferes with this process is in contempt of Parliament.
Of course the Speaker will do no such thing, so Mr Hemming should not then feel bound by any lesser convention. He should speak out and name names. The public interest must prevail.
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And where is Cartimandua, never the same without her. She was acting quite sane in the letters area earlier.
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Just try a trick like that with a black or Pakistani mother and see where it gets you, especially if they are in the country illegally or an “Asylum Seeker”.